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Takai, K., D.P. Moser, M. Deflaun, T.C. Onstott, and J.K. Fredrickson. 2001. “Archaeal Diversity in Waters from Deep South African Gold Mines”. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67: 5750-60. doi:10.1128/AEM.67.21.5750-5760.2001.

Takai, K., D.P. Moser, M. Deflaun, T.C. Onstott, and J.K. Fredrickson. 2001. “Archaeal Diversity in Waters from Deep South African Gold Mines”. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67: 5750-60. doi:10.1128/AEM.67.21.5750-5760.2001.

Takai, K., D.P. Moser, T.C. Onstott, N. Spoelstra, S.M. Pfiffner, A. Dohnalkova, and J.K. Fredrickson. 2001. “Alkaliphilus Transvaalensis Gen. nov., Sp. Nov., an Extremely Alkaliphilic Bacterium Isolated from a Deep South African Gold Mine”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 51: 1245-56. doi:10.1099/00207713-51-4-1245.

Hargraves, R.B., P.J. Hattingh, and T.C. Onstott. 1994. “Palaeomagnetic Results from the Timbavati Gabbros in the Kruger National Park, South Africa”. South African Journal of Geology 97: 114-18. Referenced from www.scopus.com: Palaeomagnetic results from the Timbavati gabbros in the Kruger National Park, South Africa.

Wanger, G., G. Southam, and T.C. Onstott. 2006. “Structural and Chemical Characterization of a Natural Fracture Surface from 2.8 Kilometers below Land Surface: Biofilms in the Deep Subsurface”. Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Volume 5: Water Pollution 23: 443-52. doi:10.1080/01490450600875746.

Pfiffner, S.M., J.M. Cantu, A. Smithgall, A.D. Peacock, D.C. White, D.P. Moser, T.C. Onstott, and E. van Heerden. 2006. “Deep Subsurface Microbial Biomass and Community Structure in Witwatersrand Basin Mines”. Geomicrobiology Journal 23: 431-42. doi:10.1080/01490450600875712.

Ward, J.A., G.F. Slater, D.P. Moser, L.-H. Lin, G. Lacrampe-Couloume, A.S. Bonin, M. Davidson, et al. 2004. “Microbial Hydrocarbon Gases in the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa: Implications for the Deep Biosphere”. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta 68: 3239-50. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2004.02.020.

MacLean, L.C.W., T. Tyliszczak, P.U.P.A. Gilbert, D. Zhou, T.J. Pray, T.C. Onstott, and G. Southam. 2008. “A High-Resolution Chemical and Structural Study of Framboidal Pyrite Formed Within a Low-Temperature Bacterial Biofilm”. Geobiology 6: 471-80. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2008.00174.x.

Balkwill, D.L., T.L. Kieft, T. Tsukuda, H.M. Kostandarithes, T.C. Onstott, S. Macnaughton, J. Bownas, and J.K. Fredrickson. 2004. “Identification of Iron-Reducing Thermus Strains As Thermus Scotoductus”. Extremophiles 8: 37-44. doi:10.1007/s00792-003-0357-0.

MacLean, L.C.W., T. Tyliszczak, P.U.P.A. Gilbert, D. Zhou, T.J. Pray, T.C. Onstott, and G. Southam. 2008. “A High-Resolution Chemical and Structural Study of Framboidal Pyrite Formed Within a Low-Temperature Bacterial Biofilm”. Geobiology 6: 471-80. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2008.00174.x.

Balkwill, D.L., T.L. Kieft, T. Tsukuda, H.M. Kostandarithes, T.C. Onstott, S. Macnaughton, J. Bownas, and J.K. Fredrickson. 2004. “Identification of Iron-Reducing Thermus Strains As Thermus Scotoductus”. Extremophiles 8: 37-44. doi:10.1007/s00792-003-0357-0.

Chivian, D., E.L. Brodie, E.J. Alm, D.E. Culley, P.S. Dehal, T.Z. DeSantis, T.M. Gihring, et al. 2008. “Environmental Genomics Reveals a Single-Species Ecosystem Deep Within Earth”. Science 322: 275-78. doi:10.1126/science.1155495.

Lippmann, J., M. Stute, T. Torgersen, D.P. Moser, J.A. Hall, L. Lin, M. Borcsik, R.E.S. Bellamy, and T.C. Onstott. 2003. “Dating Ultra-Deep Mine Waters With Noble Gases and 36Cl, Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa”. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta 67: 4597-4619. doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00414-9.

Lollar, B.S., G. Lacrampe-Couloume, K. Voglesonger, T.C. Onstott, L.M. Pratt, and G.F. Slater. 2008. “Isotopic Signatures of CH4 and Higher Hydrocarbon Gases from Precambrian Shield Sites: A Model for Abiogenic Polymerization of Hydrocarbons”. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta 72: 4778-95. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2008.07.004.

Onstott, T.C., D.P. Moser, S.M. Pfiffner, J.K. Fredrickson, F.J. Brockman, T.J. Phelps, D.C. White, et al. 2003. “Indigenous and Contaminant Microbes in Ultradeep Mines”. Environmental Microbiology 5: 1168-91. doi:10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00512.x.

Wanger, G., T.C. Onstott, and G. Southam. 2008. “Stars of the Terrestrial Deep Subsurface: A Novel Star-Shaped Bacterial Morphotype from a South African Platinum Mine”. Geobiology 6: 325-30. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2008.00163.x.

Baker, B.J., D.P. Moser, B.J. MacGregor, S. Fishbain, M. Wagner, N.K. Fry, B. Jackson, et al. 2003. “Related Assemblages of Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria Associated With Ultradeep Gold Mines of South Africa and Deep Basalt Aquifers of Washington State”. Environmental Microbiology 5: 267-77. doi:10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00408.x.

Wanger, G., T.C. Onstott, and G. Southam. 2008. “Stars of the Terrestrial Deep Subsurface: A Novel Star-Shaped Bacterial Morphotype from a South African Platinum Mine”. Geobiology 6: 325-30. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2008.00163.x.

Omar, G.I., T.C. Onstott, and J. Hoek. 2003. “The Origin of Deep Subsurface Microbial Communities in the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa As Deduced from Apatite Fission Track Analyses”. Geofluids 3: 69-80. doi:10.1046/j.1468-8123.2003.00050.x.

Wanger, G., T.C. Onstott, and G. Southam. 2008. “Stars of the Terrestrial Deep Subsurface: A Novel Star-Shaped Bacterial Morphotype from a South African Platinum Mine”. Geobiology 6: 325-30. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2008.00163.x.

MacLean, L.C.W., T.J. Pray, T.C. Onstott, E.L. Brodie, T.C. Hazen, and G. Southam. 2007. “Mineralogical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of an Anaerobic Biofilm Collected from a Borehole in a Deep Gold Mine in South Africa”. Geomicrobiology Journal 24: 491-504. doi:10.1080/01490450701572416.

DeFlaun, M.F., J.K. Fredrickson, H. Dong, S.M. Pfiffner, T.C. Onstott, D.L. Balkwill, S.H. Streger, E. Stackebrandt, S. Knoessen, and E. van Heerden. 2007. “Isolation and Characterization of a Geobacillus Thermoleovorans Strain from an Ultra-Deep South African Gold Mine”. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 30: 152-64. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2006.04.003.

Lin, L.-H., P.-L. Wang, D. Rumble, J. Lippmann-Pipke, E. Boice, L.M. Pratt, B.S. Lollar, et al. 2006. “Long-Term Sustainability of a High-Energy, Low-Diweniff Crystal-Biome”. Science 314: 479-82. doi:10.1126/science.1127376.

Slater, G.F., J. Lippmann-Pipke, D.P. Moser, C.M. Reddy, T.C. Onstott, G. Lacrampe-Couloume, and B.S. Lollar. 2006. “14C in Methane and DIC in the Deep Terrestrial Subsurface: Implications for Microbial Methanogenesis”. Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Volume 5: Water Pollution 23: 453-62. doi:10.1080/01490450600875787.

Lin, L.-H., J. Hall, T.C. Onstott, T. Gihring, B.S. Lollar, E. Boice, L. Pratt, J. Lippmann-Pipke, and R.E.S. Bellamy. 2006. “Planktonic Microbial Communities Associated With Fracture-Derived Groundwater in a Deep Gold Mine of South Africa”. Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Volume 5: Water Pollution 23: 475-97. doi:10.1080/01490450600875829.

Onstott, T.C., L.-H. Lin, M. Davidson, B. Mislowack, M. Borcsik, J. Hall, G. Slater, et al. 2006. “The Origin and Age of Biogeochemical Trends in Deep Fracture Water of the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa”. Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Volume 5: Water Pollution 23: 369-414. doi:10.1080/01490450600875688.

Borgonie, G., B. Linage-Alvarez, A.O. Ojo, S.O.C. Mundle, L.B. Freese, C. Van Rooyen, O. Kuloyo, et al. 2015. “Eukaryotic Opportunists Dominate the Deep-Subsurface Biosphere in South Africa”. Nature Communications 6. doi:10.1038/ncomms9952.

Lippmann-Pipke, J., Sherwood Lollar, S. Niedermann, N.A. Stroncik, R. Naumann, E. van Heerden, and T.C. Onstott. 2011. “Neon Identifies Two Billion Year Old Fluid Component in Kaapvaal Craton”. Chemical Geology 283: 287-96. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.01.028.

Borgonie, G., B. Linage-Alvarez, A.O. Ojo, S.O.C. Mundle, L.B. Freese, C. Van Rooyen, O. Kuloyo, et al. 2015. “Eukaryotic Opportunists Dominate the Deep-Subsurface Biosphere in South Africa”. Nature Communications 6. doi:10.1038/ncomms9952.

Lippmann-Pipke, J., Sherwood Lollar, S. Niedermann, N.A. Stroncik, R. Naumann, E. van Heerden, and T.C. Onstott. 2011. “Neon Identifies Two Billion Year Old Fluid Component in Kaapvaal Craton”. Chemical Geology 283: 287-96. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.01.028.

Lollar, B.S., T.C. Onstott, G. Lacrampe-Couloume, and C.J. Ballentine. 2014. “The Contribution of the Precambrian Continental Lithosphere to Global H2 Production”. Nature 516: 379-82. doi:10.1038/nature14017.

Silver, B.J., T.C. Onstott, G. Rose, L.-H. Lin, C. Ralston, B. Sherwood-Lollar, S.M. Pfiffner, T.L. Kieft, and S. McCuddy. 2010. “In Situ Cultivation of Subsurface Microorganisms in a Deep Mafic Sill: Implications for SLiMEs”. Geomicrobiology Journal 27: 329-48. doi:10.1080/01490451003705183.

Magnabosco, C., M. Tekere, M.C.Y. Lau, B. Linage, O. Kuloyo, M. Erasmus, E. Cason, et al. 2014. “Comparisons of the Composition and Biogeographic Distribution of the Bacterial Communities Occupying South African Thermal Springs With Those Inhabiting Deep Subsurface Fracture Water”. Frontiers in Microbiology 5. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00679.

Onstott, T.C., C. Magnabosco, A.D. Aubrey, A.S. Burton, J.P. Dworkin, J.E. Elsila, S. Grunsfeld, et al. 2014. “Does Aspartic Acid Racemization Constrain the Depth Limit of the Subsurface Biosphere?”. Geobiology 12: 1-19. doi:10.1111/gbi.12069.

Onstott, T.C., C. Magnabosco, A.D. Aubrey, A.S. Burton, J.P. Dworkin, J.E. Elsila, S. Grunsfeld, et al. 2014. “Does Aspartic Acid Racemization Constrain the Depth Limit of the Subsurface Biosphere?”. Geobiology 12: 1-19. doi:10.1111/gbi.12069.

Onstott, T.C., C. Magnabosco, A.D. Aubrey, A.S. Burton, J.P. Dworkin, J.E. Elsila, S. Grunsfeld, et al. 2014. “Does Aspartic Acid Racemization Constrain the Depth Limit of the Subsurface Biosphere?”. Geobiology 12: 1-19. doi:10.1111/gbi.12069.

Wanger, G., D. Moser, M. Hay, S. Myneni, T.C. Onstott, and G. Southam. 2012. “Mobile Hydrocarbon Microspheres from >2-Billion-Year-Old Carbon-Bearing Seams in the South African Deep Subsurface”. Geobiology 10: 496-505. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2012.00340.x.

Wanger, G., D. Moser, M. Hay, S. Myneni, T.C. Onstott, and G. Southam. 2012. “Mobile Hydrocarbon Microspheres from >2-Billion-Year-Old Carbon-Bearing Seams in the South African Deep Subsurface”. Geobiology 10: 496-505. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2012.00340.x.

Lau, M.C.Y., T.L. Kieft, O. Kuloyo, B. Linage-Alvarez, E. van Heerden, M.R. Lindsay, C. Magnabosco, et al. 2016. “An Oligotrophic Deep-Subsurface Community Dependent on Syntrophy Is Dominated by Sulfur-Driven Autotrophic Denitrifiers”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113: E7927-E7936. doi:10.1073/pnas.1612244113.

Wanger, G., D. Moser, M. Hay, S. Myneni, T.C. Onstott, and G. Southam. 2012. “Mobile Hydrocarbon Microspheres from >2-Billion-Year-Old Carbon-Bearing Seams in the South African Deep Subsurface”. Geobiology 10: 496-505. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2012.00340.x.

Lau, M.C.Y., T.L. Kieft, O. Kuloyo, B. Linage-Alvarez, E. van Heerden, M.R. Lindsay, C. Magnabosco, et al. 2016. “An Oligotrophic Deep-Subsurface Community Dependent on Syntrophy Is Dominated by Sulfur-Driven Autotrophic Denitrifiers”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113: E7927-E7936. doi:10.1073/pnas.1612244113.

Silver, B.J., R. Raymond, D.M. Sigman, M. Prokopeko, Sherwood Lollar, G. Lacrampe-Couloume, M.L. Fogel, L.M. Pratt, L. Lefticariu, and T.C. Onstott. 2012. “The Origin of NO 3 - and N 2 in Deep Subsurface Fracture Water of South Africa”. Chemical Geology 294-295: 51-62. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.11.017.

Magnabosco, C., K. Ryan, M.C.Y. Lau, O. Kuloyo, Sherwood Lollar, T.L. Kieft, E. van Heerden, and T.C. Onstott. 2016. “A Metagenomic Window into Carbon Metabolism at 3 Km Depth in Precambrian Continental Crust”. ISME Journal 10: 730-41. doi:10.1038/ismej.2015.150.

Silver, B.J., R. Raymond, D.M. Sigman, M. Prokopeko, Sherwood Lollar, G. Lacrampe-Couloume, M.L. Fogel, L.M. Pratt, L. Lefticariu, and T.C. Onstott. 2012. “The Origin of NO 3 - and N 2 in Deep Subsurface Fracture Water of South Africa”. Chemical Geology 294-295: 51-62. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.11.017.

Magnabosco, C., K. Ryan, M.C.Y. Lau, O. Kuloyo, Sherwood Lollar, T.L. Kieft, E. van Heerden, and T.C. Onstott. 2016. “A Metagenomic Window into Carbon Metabolism at 3 Km Depth in Precambrian Continental Crust”. ISME Journal 10: 730-41. doi:10.1038/ismej.2015.150.

Borgonie, G., A. García-Moyano, D. Litthauer, W. Bert, A. Bester, E. van Heerden, C. Möller, M. Erasmus, and T.C. Onstott. 2011. “Nematoda from the Terrestrial Deep Subsurface of South Africa”. Nature 474: 79-82. doi:10.1038/nature09974.

Magnabosco, C., K. Ryan, M.C.Y. Lau, O. Kuloyo, Sherwood Lollar, T.L. Kieft, E. van Heerden, and T.C. Onstott. 2016. “A Metagenomic Window into Carbon Metabolism at 3 Km Depth in Precambrian Continental Crust”. ISME Journal 10: 730-41. doi:10.1038/ismej.2015.150.

Borgonie, G., A. García-Moyano, D. Litthauer, W. Bert, A. Bester, E. van Heerden, C. Möller, M. Erasmus, and T.C. Onstott. 2011. “Nematoda from the Terrestrial Deep Subsurface of South Africa”. Nature 474: 79-82. doi:10.1038/nature09974.

Simkus, D.N., G.F. Slater, B.S. Lollar, K. Wilkie, T.L. Kieft, C. Magnabosco, M.C.Y. Lau, et al. 2016. “Variations in Microbial Carbon Sources and Cycling in the Deep Continental Subsurface”. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta 173: 264-83. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2015.10.003.